Rooftop solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic (PV) effect. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of how they function:
- Absorption of Sunlight- Rooftop solar panels, made up of multiple photovoltaic cells, capture sunlight. These cells are usually made of semiconductor materials like silicon. When sunlight (solar radiation) hits the cells, it knocks electrons loose from the atoms within the semiconductor material.
- Creation of Direct Current (DC)- The movement of these freed electrons generates a flow of electric current, which is in the form of direct current (DC). Each individual solar cell produces a small amount of electricity, but when many cells are combined in a panel, and several panels are connected, they generate enough electricity to power appliances and homes.
- Conversion to Alternating Current (AC)- Most household appliances run on alternating current (AC), so the DC electricity generated by the solar panels needs to be converted. This is done using an inverter, which converts DC into AC electricity.
- Powering Your Home- The AC electricity is then routed into your home’s electrical system, where it powers appliances, lighting, and other devices. If your system produces more electricity than you use, the excess can be sent back to the grid or stored in a battery (if you have a solar battery storage system).
- Monitoring and Optimization- Modern rooftop solar systems often include monitoring systems that track the performance of the solar panels in real time. This helps ensure optimal performance and allows for adjustments if needed.
- Net Metering- If your solar system is connected to the grid, any excess electricity can be sent back to the utility company. Through a process called net metering, homeowners can receive credits on their electricity bills for the surplus energy they contribute to the grid.
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