How Does a Steam Turbine Work?
As the name implies, it is powered by steam. High-energy steam is injected into the turbine, which transforms the potential energy of the steam into kinetic energy, which causes continuous rotation of the blades. Anything that can flow is a fluid, and hence steam is a fluid. A fluid has three forms of energy: kinetic energy due to speed, pressure, and temperature. All three forms of energy are reduced when the turbine blades absorb and rotate. The low velocity will be incapable of generating enough lifting force to rotate the shaft. To overcome this challenge, the blades are configured in such a way that the fluids are passed through the stator section. The stators are stationary and attached to the turbine casing, and their design is such that the flow area decreases along the stator; that is, the area of the stator where steam enters is wide, and the area of the stator where steam exits is narrow. This design creates an increase in the speed of the steam, just like a nozzle. Thus, the kinetic energy of the steam is revived. The whole turbine is configured by this combination of blades and stators arranged adjacently. The stator is responsible for creating an optimal angle of fire for the next blade. The overall design of the turbine is done to meet the required degree of reaction.
Degree of reaction = (Pressure Energy + Temperature Energy) change in the rotor / (Total Energy change in the rotor)
The degree of reaction is used to decide the type of turbine, whether it is an impulse turbine or a reaction turbine.
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