Hydrocephalus is a medical condition where there is too much cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the brain. This fluid normally flows around the brain and spinal cord, helping to protect and nourish the brain. But when the fluid builds up too much, it puts pressure on the brain. This pressure can lead to problems with brain growth, development, and functioning. Let’s explore what causes hydrocephalus in infants and children in simple words.
Understanding the Basics
Before we look at the causes, it’s important to understand that CSF is a clear, watery fluid. It has three main jobs:
- Protecting the brain from injury by acting like a cushion.
- Removing waste from the brain.
- Supplying nutrients and keeping the brain healthy.
The brain constantly makes CSF, and it should drain away properly. But if the balance between how much is made and how much is absorbed is disturbed, the fluid builds up. This leads to hydrocephalus.
Causes of Hydrocephalus in Infants
Hydrocephalus in babies, especially newborns, can be caused by several things:
1. Congenital Hydrocephalus (Present at Birth)
This means the baby is born with the condition. Some reasons include:
- Brain malformations: Sometimes, a baby’s brain doesn’t form properly in the womb. This can block the flow of CSF.
- Spina bifida: A birth defect where the spine doesn’t close all the way. It can interfere with CSF flow.
- Aqueductal stenosis: This is when a narrow passage in the brain (called the cerebral aqueduct) becomes blocked. It is a common cause of congenital hydrocephalus.
2. Infections Before Birth
If a pregnant woman gets certain infections, such as rubella, syphilis, or cytomegalovirus (CMV), it can affect the baby’s brain development and lead to hydrocephalus.
Causes of Hydrocephalus in Older Infants and Children
Children can also develop hydrocephalus after birth. Some of the causes include:
1. Brain Infections
Diseases like meningitis (infection of the brain’s covering) or encephalitis (infection of the brain tissue) can cause swelling and block the flow of CSF.
2. Brain Bleeding (Hemorrhage)
Sometimes, bleeding in the brain, especially in babies born too early (premature), can lead to scarring. This scarring may block the pathways where CSF flows.
3. Head Injuries
A serious fall or accident can damage the brain and its fluid pathways, leading to hydrocephalus.
4. Brain Tumors
Tumors in or near the ventricles (fluid spaces in the brain) can block CSF flow and cause buildup.
5. Surgery or Cysts
Past surgeries on the brain or cysts (fluid-filled sacs) can also affect the normal flow of CSF and cause pressure to rise inside the head.
Read More: How Do Doctors Diagnose Hydrocephalus in Children?
Signs and Symptoms to Watch For
Hydrocephalus can show different symptoms depending on the child’s age.
In Infants:
- Unusual increase in head size
- Bulging or soft spot on the top of the head (fontanelle)
- Vomiting
- Poor feeding
- Sleepiness or low energy
- Eyes looking downward all the time (“sunsetting” eyes)
- Irritability
In Older Children:
- Headache
- Blurred or double vision
- Problems with balance and walking
- Trouble in school or learning
- Behavior changes
- Trouble controlling urination
Diagnosis and Treatment
Doctors can use ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI scans to see if there is too much fluid in the brain. If hydrocephalus is found, treatment usually involves surgery.
The most common treatment is putting in a shunt—a small tube that drains the extra fluid from the brain to another part of the body, usually the belly. Another option is endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), a surgery that helps the fluid flow out naturally.
Final Thoughts
Hydrocephalus in infants and children can be a serious condition, but early diagnosis and treatment make a big difference. If you notice unusual signs—like rapid head growth or developmental delays—it’s important to consult a medical professional promptly. At the New Jersey Pediatric Neuroscience Institute, expert care and advanced treatment options are available to help manage hydrocephalus effectively. With the right support, many children with hydrocephalus can go on to lead healthy, active lives.
